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The ''Vitakkasanthana Sutta'' (MN 20) (''The Removal of Distracting Thoughts'') is a discourse contained within the Pali Canon of Theravada Buddhism. In the Theravadin Pali Canon, the ' is the twentieth discourse in the Majjhima Nikaya (MN) and is thus often designated by "MN 20"; in the Pali Text Society (PTS) edition of the Canon, this text begins on the 118th page of the first volume of its three-volume Majjhima Nikaya (M), and is thus alternately represented as "M i 118". ==Title and content== English translations〔A version of the Pali original of the ''Majjhima Nikaya'', including the ''Vitakkasanthana Sutta'' (pp. 103-105), is available in ISBN 1478369620〕 have employed several different titles for the , including ''The Removal of Distracting Thoughts'',〔〔 ''The Discursively Thinking Mind'',〔 and ''The Relaxation of Thoughts''.〔 The ' describes five approaches for overcoming negative thoughts. Translators into English have used different terms to designate the purpose, nature, and components of these approaches. One translation begins by stating that Other translators or commentators refer to five "things,"〔〔 "signs,"〔 or "strategies".〔 The purpose of these five approaches is variously described as attaining "higher consciousness,"〔 "higher mind,"〔 "developing the mind",〔 "heightened mind",〔 or "freedom".〔 To implement these approaches, one is enjoined to "reflect on",〔 "give attention to",〔 "attend to",〔〔 or "employ"〔 each approach. In describing the first of the five approaches, the ''sutta'' uses the analogy of a carpenter's peg. In the language of one translation, when the mind has become filled with hatred or illusion by dwelling on a bad ("adventitious") object, the aspirant (bhikku) should replace the bad thought with a good ("skilled") thought (Pali: ''tato nimittato aññam nimittam''): If thoughts still arise that are "negative"〔 or "evil"〔〔〔〔 and "unskilled",〔〔 "unwholesome",〔 or "demeritorious,"〔 the second recommended approach is as follows: The aspirant should "reflect on the consequences",〔 "ponder on the disadvantages"〔 "examine the danger()",〔〔 or "scrutinize the drawbacks"〔 of such thoughts (Pali: ''manasikatabbam''). If negative thoughts still continue to arise, the third approach is "withdrawing attention"〔 — that is, the aspirant should "not attend",〔 "not give attention",〔 "be without attention and reflection",〔 "pay no mind and pay no attention",〔 or even "forget"〔 such thoughts. If the third approach fails to eliminate negative thoughts, the fourth approach involves going "to the root"〔 (Pali: ''vitakka mula bheda pabbam'') by "stilling the thought-formation",〔 "removal of the (thought) source of those unskillful thoughts",〔 "appeasing the whole intentional thought process",〔 or engaging in "the relaxing of thought-fabrication".〔 The ''sutta'' compares this to stages of removing the source of physical movement: The fifth approach (Pali: ''abhinigganhitabbam''; Sanskrit: ''abhinigrahā''),〔 to be pursued when the fourth and all previous approaches together fail to eliminate negative thoughts, is to clench the teeth and "subdue and beat down the (evil) mind by the (good) mind",〔 just as one man may do physical violence to another man.〔〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Vitakkasanthana Sutta」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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